Czech Philharmonic • Steven Osborne

Described by The Observer as “always a player in absolute service to the composer”, the Scottish native Steven Osborne, an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, is known for his careful reading of musical scores. Osborne’s ability to gain insight into composers’ musical thinking is of benefit to him not only when playing; it has also led him, for example, to publish a new edition of the works of Sergei Rachmaninoff. Still, this approach to interpretation does not at all hinder his experiencing music in a personal way. He is in fact convinced that “Music can’t say anything without us. The way that music speaks through us is that we bring our own emotions to it.”

Critics most recently acclaimed this rare combination of spontaneity with detailed study of the musical sources after hearing Osborne’s recording of Beethoven’s late piano sonatas released on the Hyperion label. Over 25 years, Osborne’s more than 30 CDs for Hyperion ranging from Beethoven to Crumb have earned him many prizes from around the world (including a BBC Music Magazine Award and two Gramophone Awards). He appears on stage giving solo recitals (at such venues as the Lincoln Center and Wigmore Hall, where he has also served as an artist-in-residence) and in collaboration with such orchestras as the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic, the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, the Oslo Philharmonic, the Israel Philharmonic, and the Seattle Symphony Orchestra. Although we have been hearing him play Beethoven or Debussy most frequently in recent years, he opened the current season with the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra playing a piano concerto by Ryan Wigglesworth. He does not hesitate to improvise at his concerts, demonstrating, among other things, his great love of jazz. That is one reason why he has prepared for the current season a special recital programme consisting of miniatures ranging from Bach to jazz.

Besides giving concerts, he is often invited to music festivals such as DeSingel in Antwerp, the Lammermuir Festival, and the Bath International Music Festival, and he devotes himself to teaching at the Royal Academy of Music and the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, where he was born 53 years ago. He is said to have been drawn magnetically to the piano at an early age, and his first steps each morning upon waking always took him to the instrument. It was a natural choice for him to study at St Mary’s Music School in Edinburgh under the guidance of Richard Beauchamp, but even while later studying at the Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester, where his teacher was Renna Kellaway, he claims not to have foreseen a career as a famous; for Osborne, playing was a basic need for life. His breakthrough into the music world came with victory at the Clara Haskil Competition in 1991 followed by first prize at the Naumburg International Competition. Since then, he has risen ever higher.

In the 2023/2024 season, Semyon Bychkov’s programmes centred on Dvořák’s last three symphonies, the concertos for piano, violin and cello, and three overtures: In Nature’s Realm, Carnival Overture, and Othello. In addition to conducting at Prague’s Rudolfinum, Bychkov and the Czech Philharmonic took the all Dvořák programmes to Korea and across Japan with three concerts at Tokyo’s famed Suntory Hall. Later, in spring, an extensive European tour took the programmes to Spain, Austria, Germany, Belgium, and France and, at the end of year, the Year of Czech Music 2024 will culminate with three concerts at Carnegie Hall in New York. As well as featuring Dvořák’s concertos for piano, violin and cello, the programmes will include three poems from Smetana’s Má vlast, Mahler’s Symphony No. 5 and Janáček’s Glagolitic Mass for which the orchestra will be joined by the Prague Philharmonic Choir. 

Bychkov’s inaugural season with the Czech Philharmonic was celebrated with an international tour that took the orchestra from performances at home in Prague to concerts in London, New York, and Washington. The following year saw the completion of The Tchaikovsky Project – the release of a 7-CD box set devoted to Tchaikovsky’s symphonic repertoire – and a series of international residencies. In his first season with the Czech Philharmonic, Bychkov also instigated the commissioning of 14 new works which have subsequently been premiered by the Czech Philharmonic and performed by orchestras across Europe and in the United States.

As well as the focus on Dvořák’s music, Bychkov and the Czech Philharmonic are exploring the symphonies of Mahler as part of PENTATONE’s ongoing complete Mahler cycle. The first symphonies in the cycle – Symphony No. 4 and Symphony No. 5 were released in 2022, followed in 2023 by Symphony No. 1 and Symphony No. 2 “Resurrection”. Last season’s highlights included performances of Mahler’s Third Symphony in Prague and Baden-Baden, and during the 2024/2025 season, Bychkov will conduct Mahler’s Symphony No. 5 with the orchestra in Prague, New York, and Toronto, and Symphony No. 8 in Prague.

While especially recognised for his interpretations of the core repertoire, Bychkov has built strong and lasting relationships with many extraordinary contemporary composers including Luciano Berio, Henri Dutilleux, and Maurizio Kagel. More recent collaborations include those with Julian Anderson, Bryce Dessner, Detlev Glanert, Thierry Escaich, and Thomas Larcher whose works he has premiered with the Czech Philharmonic, as well as with the Concertgebouworkest, the Vienna, Berlin, New York and Munich Philharmonic Orchestras, Cleveland Orchestra, and the BBC Symphony Orchestra.

In common with the Czech Philharmonic, Bychkov has one foot firmly in the culture of the East and one in the West. Born in St Petersburg in 1952, Bychkov emigrated to the United States in 1975 and has lived in Europe since the mid-1980s. Singled out at the age of five for an extraordinarily privileged musical education, Bychkov studied piano before winning his place at the Glinka Choir School where, aged 13, he received his first lesson in conducting. He was 17 when he was accepted at the Leningrad Conservatory to study with the legendary Ilya Musin and, within three years won the influential Rachmaninoff Conducting Competition. Bychkov left the former Soviet Union when he was denied the prize of conducting the Leningrad Philharmonic.

By the time Bychkov returned to St Petersburg in 1989 as the Philharmonic’s Principal Guest Conductor, he had enjoyed success in the US as Music Director of the Grand Rapids Symphony Orchestra and the Buffalo Philharmonic. His international career, which began in France with Opéra de Lyon and at the Aix-en-Provence Festival, took off with a series of high-profile cancellations which resulted in invitations to conduct the New York and Berlin Philharmonic Orchestras and the Concertgebouworkest. In 1989, he was named Music Director of the Orchestre de Paris; in 1997, Chief Conductor of the WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne; and in 1998, Chief Conductor of the Dresden Semperoper.

Bychkov’s symphonic and operatic repertoire is wide-ranging. He conducts in all the major opera houses including La Scala, Opéra national de Paris, Dresden Semperoper, Wiener Staatsoper, New York’s Metropolitan Opera, the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, and Teatro Real. While Principal Guest Conductor of Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, his productions of Janáček’s Jenůfa, Schubert’s Fierrabras, Puccini’s La bohème, Shostakovich’s Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk, and Mussorgsky’s Boris Godunov each won the prestigious Premio Abbiati. In Vienna, he has conducted new productions of Strauss’ Daphne, Wagner’s Lohengrin and Parsifal, and Mussorgsky’s Khovanshchina, as well as revivals of Strauss’ Elektra and Wagner’s Tristan und Isolde; while in London, he made his operatic debut with a new production of Strauss’ Elektra, and subsequently conducted new productions of Mozart’s Così fan tutte, Strauss’ Die Frau ohne Schatten, and Wagner’s Tannhäuser. Recent productions include Wagner’s Parsifal at the Bayreuth Festival, Strauss’ Elektra and Wagner’s Tristan und Isolde in Madrid. He returned to Bayreuth to conduct a new production of Wagner’s Tristan und Isolde in summer 2024.

Bychkov’s combination of innate musicality and rigorous Russian pedagogy has ensured that his performances are highly anticipated. In the UK, the warmth of his relationships is reflected in honorary titles at the Royal Academy of Music and the BBC Symphony Orchestra – with whom he appears annually at the BBC Proms. In Europe, he tours with the Concertgebouworkest and Munich Philharmonic, as well as being a guest of the Vienna and Berlin Philharmonics, the Leipzig Gewandhaus, the Orchestre National de France, and Orchestra dell’Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia; in the US, he can be heard with the New York Philharmonic, Chicago Symphony, Los Angeles Symphony, Philadelphia, and Cleveland Orchestras.

Bychkov has recorded extensively for Philips with the Berlin Philharmonic, Bavarian Radio, Concertgebouworkest, Philharmonia, London Philharmonic and Orchestre de Paris. His 13‑year collaboration (1997–2010) with WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne produced a series of benchmark recordings that included works by Strauss (Elektra, Daphne, Ein Heldenleben, Metamorphosen, Alpensinfonie, Till Eulenspiegel), Mahler (Symphonies No. 3, Das Lied von der Erde), Shostakovich (Symphony Nos. 4, 7, 8, 10, 11), Rachmaninoff (The Bells, Symphonic Dances, Symphony No. 2), Verdi (Requiem), a complete cycle of Brahms Symphonies, and works by Detlev Glanert and York Höller. His 1992 recording of Tchaikovsky’s Eugene Onegin with the Orchestre de Paris was recommended by BBC’s Radio 3’s Building a Library (2020); Wagner’s Lohengrin was BBC Music Magazine’s Record of the Year (2010); and Schmidt’s Symphony No. 2 with the Vienna Philharmonic was BBC Music Magazine’s Record of the Month (2018). Of The Tchaikovsky Project released in 2019, BBC Music Magazine wrote, “The most beautiful orchestra playing imaginable can be heard on Semyon Bychkov’s 2017 recording with the Czech Philharmonic, in which Decca’s state-of-the art recording captures every detail.”

In 2015, Semyon Bychkov was named Conductor of the Year by the International Opera Awards. He received an Honorary Doctorate from the Royal Academy of Music in July 2022 and the award for Conductor of the Year from Musical America in October 2022.

Bychkov was one of the first musicians to express his position on the outbreak of the war in Ukraine, since when he has spoken in support of Ukraine in Prague’s Wenceslas Square; on the radio and television in the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Austria, the UK, and the USA; written By Invitation for The Economist; and appeared as a guest on BBC World’s HARDtalk.

The biographers of Ludwig van Beethoven usually divide his works into three stylistic periods. The middle one has come to be described as the “heroic period”. That ten-year era of the composer’s life is framed symbolically by a pair of letters that were never sent, in which Beethoven gave vent to his innermost feelings and thoughts. The first of them dates from the autumn of 1802 while the composer was staying in Heiligenstadt, then a quiet suburb of Vienna, where he had taken refuge about half a year earlier. The unsatisfactory results of attempts to reverse his worsening tinnitus and advancing loss of hearing caused him to fall into a deepening state of depression, and it was in this state of mind that he wrote what is known as the Heiligenstadt Testament. The moving letter, originally intended for Beethoven’s two younger brothers, expresses the worries of the 32-year-old composer and pianist over his worsening health and over his earlier contemplation of ending his own life, but writing it had a cathartic effect. Beethoven banished his dark thoughts, returned to Vienna, and devoted himself fully to composing. The period that followed brought major works of the composer’s oeuvre: the Eroica, the Fifth Symphony, the Pastoral Symphony, the Violin Concerto in D major, the Triple Concerto for violin, piano, and cello, and great piano sonatas like the Appassionata and Les Adieux. The second of the letters in question was written ten years later in Teplice, a town in northern Bohemia, while Beethoven was staying at the local spa. “Good morning on 7 July. Already while still in bed, my thoughts turn to you, my immortal beloved. Now and then happily, and then sadly waiting to see whether fate will hear our pleas. I can live only wholly with you or not at all”, the composer wrote to his “immortal beloved”, whose identity remains the subject of speculation.

Another product of Beethoven’s “heroic period” was his Piano Concerto No. 5 in E flat major (1809). It is not entirely clear how the last of his five piano concertos got the nickname “Emperor”. The probable source was the English publisher Johann Baptist Cramer, and it is far more likely that the designation refers to the work’s musical grandiosity than to any particular emperor. While Beethoven was completing work on the concerto, which he dedicated to Archduke Rudolf, his friend and patron for many years, he was certainly being influenced by dramatic external circumstances. Vienna had been under siege by Napoleon’s troops for several months, and matters came to a head in early July with the bloody Battle of Wagram, Austria’s defeat, and the subsequent signing of a peace treaty that had far-reaching financial consequences for Austria and meant an enormous loss of territory. At the end of July, Beethoven wrote to his publisher: “The entire course of events has affected me body and soul. How disturbing and wild life is around me; nothing but drums, cannons, men, and every kind of misery.” While the city was under siege, Beethoven hid in the cellar of his brother’s house, and to keep from losing the rest of his already poor hearing, he used pillows to protect his ears from the noise of the battle.

Beethoven’s worsening hearing did not at all hinder his composing, but appearing in public in the role of a performer became more and more difficult for him. The Piano Concerto in E flat major is his first and only piano concerto that he did not himself premiere. The whole work’s character is truly grand, and the very first movement reveals how meaningfully Beethoven influenced the entire piano concerto genre, whether in terms of the dominance given to the piano, which asserts itself at full power from the very first bars, or the final cadenza, which Beethoven himself composed, contrary to what had been previously customary, insisting that it always be performed in precisely that form. In his concertos, Beethoven perfectly mastered the classical forms, opening the door to the gradual arrival of the world of Romanticism, where a musical work is conceived as the perfect reflection of the composer’s imagination, which the performer is to convey to the listener. The opening bars of the concerto sound forth like monumental fanfares, followed immediately by solo piano entrances in runs of scales and arpeggios. Following the opening fanfares are military motifs symbolised by a dotted rhythm or the emphatic sound of the timpani and a march theme played by the French horns. The majestic first movement is followed by a slow Adagio that sounds in places like a touching nocturne. The gentle solo piano line is accompanied by the soft sound of the strings, woodwinds, and muted French horns. As the chord dies away at the end of the second movement, the soloist plays a pianissimo entrance with a new theme. For two more bars, the movement’s slow pulse is maintained, but then a fortissimo solo entrance announces the virtuosic and energetic Rondo, which follows the previous movement without a pause. The end of the third movement also exhibits Beethoven’s imaginativeness. The composer first allows the final cadenza to die away, then in the last bars, runs of scales played forte offer contrast, and the finale is capped off decisively by repeated chords played by the full orchestra.

Johannes Brahms, a native of the north-German city Hamburg, settled in Vienna permanently in 1863, where he was offered the position of choirmaster of the Wiener Singakademie, but after about a year he resigned from the position to devote himself fully to composing. The conductor and composer Hans von Bülow and Clara and Robert Schumann were among his life-long friends, and it was Robert Schumann who declared that Brahms was the long-awaited successor to Ludwig van Beethoven. Brahms is generally regarded as having brought to its apex the compositional style that Beethoven had begun, especially in the field of the symphony. However, Brahms was also thoroughly familiar with the works of Mozart, Haydn, Johann Sebastian Bach, and Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy. The music of all of these great masters inspired Brahms, especially with respect to mastery of classical musical form, which was of key importance for his musical expression. It was because of Brahms’s respect for tradition that his music was seen as being in opposition to the progressive approach of the operatic genius Richard Wagner or to the new genre of the symphonic poem introduced by Franz Liszt. However, the notorious “War of the Romantics” was fought much less between the composers themselves than between music theorists who often vehemently defended one side or the other. History, however, showed that both sides of the War of the Romantics were equally important for music’s future development. For example, the leader of the Second Viennese School Arnold Schoenberg proudly claimed himself to be an admirer of and successor to Brahms.

Nothing terrified Brahms more than being compared with Beethoven. Concerning Beethoven, Brahms wrote in a letter to the conductor Hermann Levi: “I shall never write a symphony! You have no idea what it’s like to hear the heavy footsteps of a giant like him behind you!“ As it turned out, Brahms wrote four symphonies, and today they are all an integral part of the standard symphonic repertoire. The composer’s journey to writing his First Symphony was especially difficult. Fourteen years separate the first version of the manuscript, which he sent to Clara Schumann in 1862, and the premiere of the completed symphony. Brahms wrote his next three symphonies noticeably more quickly. After the last one, the Symphony No. 4 in E minor, with the exception of the Double Concerto for violin and cello, he turned away entirely from composing for orchestra, thereafter devoting himself only to writing songs and music for chamber ensembles.

Brahms’s last symphony was premiered in October 1885, and unlike the two before it, Brahms decided to have the Fourth premiered away from Vienna. This took place in the German city Meiningen, and Brahms himself conducted the local court orchestra, of which Hans von Bülow was the music director at the time. The public in Meiningen was enthusiastic, but the Viennese public less so; ultimately, the symphony won over the Viennese as well. Of all of Brahms’s symphonies, it is the Fourth that refers back to Beethoven the most, and at the same time, it is a perfect example of how eloquently absolute music can speak. It has no programmatic content, but many music theorists still regard it as a work of exceptional intellectual seriousness and as one of the most tragic symphonies in the history of the entire genre. The American musicologist Jan Swafford went so far as to declare: “The E Minor ‘means’ many things, but surely part of it is this: his funeral song for his heritage, for a world at peace, for an Austro-German middle class that honoured and understood music like no other culture, for the sweet Vienna he knew, for his own lost loves. In one of the last pieces he wrote in 1896, Brahms would set the E Minor Symphony’s first four notes, B G E C to the words ‘O death, O death!’” Adding to the whole work’s gloomy, even tragic mood is the home key of E minor, which predominates throughout, and unlike in previous symphonies by Brahms and his predecessors, the music does not modulate to the brighter, more optimistic major mode even at the end. The symphony is also remarkable for the economy of musical resources that Brahms employs to construct such a magnificent work; for example, the first movement is based in its entirety on the opening two-note motif. The middle movements, Andante and Allegro giocoso, reveal both Brahms’s feeling for songful lyricism and his sophisticated, playful handling of rhythm. The concluding fourth movement is remarkable not only for its minor-key ending, but especially for having been composed in the form of a passacaglia. The form, originally from the baroque era, is based on a repeating theme, usually in the bass, above which the composer creates one new contrapuntal variation after another. “The conclusion of this movement, searingly, crushingly tragic, is a veritable orgy of destruction, a terrible counterpart to the paroxysm of joy at the end of Beethoven’s last symphony”, wrote the conductor Felix Weingartner in 1909 about Brahms’s very last symphonic movement.