Czech Chamber Music Society • Collegium Marianum

We shall begin with Tůma, whose Partita in D minor opens today’s concert. The only work on the programme in the form of an orchestral suite, it is a very unusual example of the genre. The slow – fast sequence of the first two movements can be understood as the composer’s reference to the French overture, which traditionally opens the Baroque orchestral suite. Tůma, of course, was composing during the transition between the Baroque and Classical periods, and in addition we find ourselves in Vienna, so what we have here is an example of what was called a Viennese divertimento, a secular instrumental music with a succession of movements of sharply contrasting character. The seriousness of the opening movements contrasts with the arietta, in which the viola takes the lead, and a menuet and trio are placed at the very centre of the composition.

Traditionally, Tůma is said to have been a singer at Prague’s Minorite Church of St James, and he is usually listed among the pupils of Father Bohuslav Matěj Černohorský. They may have met shortly after 1720, when Černohorský returned from Italy. Soon after that, however, Tůma left for Vienna, where the oldest documented trace of him is found: records of his marriage in 1727. He was employed in the service of Count Franz Ferdinand Kinsky, who enabled him to perfect his language skills and arranged for him to study under the imperial court Kapellmeister Johann Joseph Fux, a famed composer and teacher. When Tůma applied unsuccessfully in 1734 for the position of Kapellmeister at the cathedral in Prague, Count Kinsky recommended him, calling Tůma “the only person so far capable of imitating the famed imperial Kapellmeister Fux and of working in accordance with his rules.” After the count’s death in 1741, Tůma served for another two decades as the Kapellmeister to the empress dowager Elisabeth Christine. Tůma wrote many compositions for his brilliant ensemble of professional musicians. After the death of the empress dowager, the ensemble was dissolved, and Tůma was granted a pension allowing him to devote himself to music freely, first in Vienna, then from 1768 at the Premonstratensian monastery in Geras. He died in Vienna in 1774.

The influence of Černohorský and Fux, the abundance of opportunities to compose for wonderful musicians, and the inspiration of Vienna’s musical life offered uniquely fertile ground for Tůma to cultivate his own personal style, which exhibits a certain conservatism combined with stylistic elements that were quite contemporary. We find both in his Sinfonia a quattro in B flat major, which represents another basic instrumental genre of the period. The music is conservative in terms of its four-movement structure and the absence of dance movements or the relative equality of the two violin parts in the opening pair of movements, recalling the trio sonata genre. However, the concentrated, expressive musical language is entirely in keeping with the times. The same applies to the two-movement Sonata in A major, which represents a kind of instrumental sacred composition often used in place of the Gradual, i.e., before the Gospel. These were usually three-voice compositions corresponding to the first two movements of a trio sonata, but performed by large orchestral forces. In this case, however, the pair of violins is joined by two more violino ripieno parts, which add another independent musical layer to the composition. It is possible that these were originally movements of a now lost concerto grosso by Tůma, adapted later for the given purpose.

While we have compared Tůma’s compositions with the trio sonata several times, the solo concerto is of similarly key importance for František Jiránek. Already as a boy, Jiránek was employed in the service of Count Václav Morzin, to whom Jiránek’s birthplace Lomnice nad Popelkou belonged. The youth worked first as a page and then as a doorkeeper (prefectus aulae). The bright lad was musically talented, and the count did not hesitate to invest in his education, having him go to Prague to study at the Jesuit grammar school in the Lesser Town and even sending him to Italy in 1724. We know about his two-year stay in Italy only because of the count’s personal financial records, in which Morzin made entries in his own hand for payments sent to Jiránek in Venice. The count clearly sent Jiránek to Venice to study music, where he worked directly under Antonio Vivaldi. Beginning in 1718 and throughout the 1720s, Morzin was paying the famed Venetian to serve as his maestro di musica in Italia, making him the titular Kapellmeister, whose task was to supply compositions for a virtuosic ensemble. Solo concertos are predominant among these compositions, including the famous cycle The Four Seasons. After his return in 1726 Jiránek played in Count Morzin’s ensemble, established a family, and lived in Prague’s Lesser Town. When the count died in 1737, the musicians had to seek other employment. After some reversals of fortune, Jiránek found work in Dresden under the first minister of the Polish-Saxon Union, Count Heinrich von Brühl. As a violinist, he was one of the ensemble’s best-paid members. The ensemble was dissolved after the death of its owner in 1763, but Jiránek remained in Dresden until 1778, when he died at the age of eighty.

Jiránek’s studies in Venice are indirectly documented by his sporadically preserved compositions, in which Vivaldi’s direct influence is clearly discernible. One might even speculate that some of the works are Vivaldi’s own, preserved under Jiránek’s name. Once such work is the Flute Concerto in D major (Jk 11), which has also been preserved in a version for oboe. The concerto, laid out in the typical three-movement form, is imbued with Vivaldi’s musical language including the plentiful use of sequences or the reversed dotted rhythm (Lombard rhythm or “Scotch snap”) used at the beginning of the first movement’s ritornello. The first movement also conceals a quote of a motif from Vivaldi’s psalm setting Dixit Dominus, RV 807, and Vivaldi liked using such quotes. Was this the pupil’s reference to a work by the master, or was a work by the master preserved under his pupil’s name? 

The Sinfonia in F major (Jk 4) is the only composition on today’s programme to have been preserved in Prague, but it apparently was not written until after Jiránek’s departure from Bohemia. With the melodic simplicity of the violin parts (often in unison) and the simple fabric of the accompanimental voices, the three-movement sinfonia contrasts sharply with Tůma’s Sinfonia in B flat major. Despite its simplicity, the music is characterised by elegant immediacy and brilliancy supported by rustic elements in the dance-like third movement. Both flute concertos on today’s programme were preserved in Stockholm, and both have in common the striking use of the Lombard rhythm (“Scotch snap”). The brilliant Concerto in G major (Jk 13) was also definitely known in the Czech lands because it is listed in the 1771 inventory of the music collection at the Rajhrad Monastery.

Italy, Vienna, and Dresden clearly delineate the artistic influences affecting the music of the Bohemian lands during the first two thirds of the 18th century. Given these traditions and the talent of the musicians of that period, we can clearly see how so much beautiful could come into being. It is wonderful that this music is now being revived and brought back home.